Thesis

.

2009-11-03T04:49:00.005-08:00

2009-11-03T04:49:00.001-08:00

1. Introduction

2. Urbanization and human environment
2.1 Urbanization
2.2 Urbanization and Human society
2.3 Urban organism
2.4 Human organic environment and urban

3. Media environment and emotion
3.1 Media and emotion
3.2 networked emotion
3.3 Media empathy
3.4 Media voyeurism and vicariously

4. The intersection of media and research works
4.1 The intersection of media
- intersection of media, urban, nature
- Organic flow
- Organic morphology
- Media empathy, environment and morphology
4.2 research related artist works
- Richard Box, "Shake Pole", 2006
- Olafur Eliasson, "Complementary colour chart", 2009
- Scott Snibbe, "Boundary Functions", 1998

5 Physical media and convergence
5.1 Natural environment and urban media
5.2 Natural phenomenon and media

6 Digital Media and morphology
6.1 Nature and digital morphology(synthetic nature)
6.2 L-system
6.3 Emergent behavior and natural organic shapes
6.4 Voronoi Diagram

7.work
Physical and Digital Media

8. Conclusion

Introduction

2009-11-03T04:47:00.003-08:00

1. Introduction

background
Many population studies and scientists predict that by 2030 90% of the earth population will be living in cities. People are swarm about in the city due to urbanization. As a result urban people experience a disassociation with their natural environment. Human have been adopting nature as a environment since 3million years ago. As the nature changes, human body has been following the change to fit into the environment. Industrialism accelerated urbanization and modernism affected to the space of the city. Being apart from organic nature make human feel the desperation physically and emotionally. Urbanization contributed to human convenience but also isolation from nature. people are classified into upper or lower because of urbanization. Since people in upper class could get better environment of education, income, dignity. On the other hand, the other class of people suffers opposite environment which causes low quality of lives. From the Burgess' concentric zone theory, districts are divided into horizontally and segmented by vertically. network binds up segmented districts. It has made space from static, physical to active, flowing space itself. Development of scientific technology changed social environment and human emotion.

objective
Media art with its connections to high technology usually seems to represent the more urbane qualities of the modern world. To convey emotion of the nature to urbanize through media.
In this thesis I plan to association the new possibilities new media technology can offer with respect to basic human desires and emotions usually aligned with visceral image.

To reconnect people through an locative installation to their non mechanized way of life. To implant new experience to people who are separated from the nature, living in desolated society. This study will guide how to impress and express empathy, convergence of environment, morphology through media.

My thesis is "The intersection of locative media between urban and rural." I will reconnect the emotions between urbanized people and before urbanized through media art.

Method, thesis process
Through the theoretical grounds I will analyze and create the shape between urban and rural. Also I will study how to communicate among nature, urban and media through the research from artist`s artworks.

1.2 Range of the study and process
chapter1.
As the introduction, summary of each chapters and flow of this thesis will be introduced.
How urbanization will raise problems that separates human being from the nature. Considered media works will be exposed to urbanizes for the purpose of experiencing the nature.

chapter2.
chapter explained about relationship between urban and human.
Structural changes of the urban and people in it and psychological state as the change goes on.
Definition of urban and urbanization, And Burgess theory and social phenomenon will be analyzed to figure out form of organization.
physical environment changes of urban affected from the Industrial Revolution and Network technology.

chapter3.
Considering urban as an organism.
Form of urban and its development processes through theoretical verification.
About incidental form when ink blew out and form of urban.
Human being's body adoption in the nature for long time.
About forms of urban environment and human body. Urbanization has separated human from the nature.
But Putting up Organism in the urban will make people feel part of the nature.
Severed urban can be contacted to the nature through the scientific method and development of media.
Media showed a possibility to constitute new form of the nature in urban.

1 Introduction

2009-11-03T04:47:00.001-08:00

1. Introduction
1.1 Background and Objective
Futurists predicted that by the year 2030, 90% of the human beings will live in the urban districts. Majority of populations are living in the city now. Zones of life are expanded by transportations and communication facilities, and with the rapid urbanization we feel very comfortable.

But due to this urbanization, we can feel the physical, emotional changes and our residences are seperated with the natural environments. Citizens residences have different shapes from the residences of the people who adapted themselves to the natural environments. Buildings which have the feelings of Modernism and constructed with straight lines are not just responsible for the separations and change of physical environments, but also effecting the emotions of people.

Science and technology brought us the development of cities and medias. Urban strict which now is separated from the natural environments can be connected with them again through the media. To make a media work as a way to interpret the nature, we must understand the natural environment and media under scientific analysis.

Scientific development gave us a good condition to create an algorithm by analysing natural phenomenons in mathematical way. Many experiments and works have been done based on the theory of nature. These works contain the possibilities of natural environment factors in the urban district. Urbanization brought the separation from the natural environments, but we can be connected to them again with the use of media.

How can the people who have been separated from the nature by urbanization be re-connected with the nature again? In this thesis "The intersection of locative media in Urban and Rural", I will suggest a work as nature itself which is reinterpreted through the media. I interpreted the nature using media in three way and suggested it into the urban district.

There are lots of ways that urban districts can be connected with natural environments by media. I will proceed this thesis and my work through Empathy, Physical convergence, and Digital morphology.

Followings are explanations for process of work.
Empathy
The work "Robot Child" and works of Marcel Duchamp, audiences can feel the empathy for the main character in their works. And since this is not by a real object but a moving image, it shows us that our emotions can be transferred through the network.

Physical Convergence
Offer a new environmental experience of the combination between media of cities and natural environments. Through the phenomenon occurred when a fluorescent light is set up in the natural environment, Synthetic Nature as a new environment is constructed. Two different environments that contrast each other in visual and temporal aspects create a new environment by contrasts and agreements. Through photo works and video works, I created a new environment.

Digital Morphology
Based on the nature's mathematical algorithm, materialize image using computer. Nature grows in a new way in the environment inside the computer, and I made a work out of it.

1.2 Method
This thesis was proceeded in four way of literary research, case analysis, experiment and productions.

Literary Research
-To research the urbanization, I analysed the theories of urban scholars and related this with the city of seoul.
-To analyse the algorithm of nature, conduct researches and analyse the theories of mathematicians and figure out how they were proceeded using computer.

Case Analysis
-By analysing the cases of media arts and theoretical background, find out how media is connected with the natural environment.
-Analyse the way how artists use media to express their works.
-Through case analysis, find out what kind of meanings my works can contain.

Experiment
-Analyse shapes and rise of the cities, and research through variety of experiments like ink, laser cuts, etc.

Analysis of personal works
-Manufacture the works of physical media and digital media. As a final work, manufacture a mixture of these two works.
-As methodology, video, sound, and interaction will be chosen.
-Each visual images will be shown as prototypes to display the progress.
-Computer programs for the work will be 3ds Max, Quartz Composer, Logic Pro, Ableton Live, Final Cut Pro, and more.

2. Urbanism and human environment

2009-11-03T04:46:00.019-08:00

2. Urbanism and human environment
Urbanization makes people`s living environment changed quickly. After the industrial revolution and internet changed the environment more quickly. Urban physical changes influence people emotion and their values.

2.1 Urbanism
- Horizontal social differentiation and Burgess theory
It is hard to suggest Burgess theory by preconditions and hypothesises in modern urban, but it could be explanation about urban basic structure.
Burgess explained 'concentric theory' that is the type of eruption in between the process of expansion and continued area. He explained urban structure that is rapidly expanded from CBR(central business district). When the urban is expanded, The area is separated naturally. Each areas are Loop(CBR), zone on transition, zone of workingmen`s homes, residential zone and commuters zone. Through the physical changes, urban divide social stratum by people living area. Divided area separate people class horizontally.

Burgess, concentric theory, Burgess, (1928 : 119)

All communities are expanded on the periphery. Social and economic mobility cause changes in the pattern of territorial occupation, via the ecological processes of invasion, domination, and succession.(wiki) In the Concentric theory, land use and areas are divided horizontally by social activity. Development of industrialization and urbanization increase urban population. Buildings are constructed in city. Urban is divided vertically by building.

Vertical construction urban(divided areas characteristics -> segmentation)
These days urban spaces are divided vertically after horizontally. Horizontal divided and vertical divided separate more specific social stratum, for example building, office and residential complex. There are some places, such as, Chungdam, Abgujung in gangnam. Those are the most developed in Korea. People has different feeling by areas gab.

Network and Post industrialization(Surfaced city = Information flow + required physical space)
Urban has two ways of flows that virtual space through the web and physical space by network based on Internet. Castells(1996) says that there are differences that if an industrial city is a space of place, then post industrial city is a space of flow. Physical space and virtual space complement in modern society.
Post industrial society is organized by service product, centered by production distribution consumption. Offices are factory of service produced. Therefore, Offices are the most important in the post industrial spatial configuration. The offices built in complex function make user can use service real time through the network. Post industrial city spaces have a primary speciality which is interaction inside rather than their form. It has a spatial system look like a spider web as a high speed network. Like this system, network connection is not each building but each activity, also it is individual features .((Graham and marvin, 1995).
The main of post industrial city by network is information flow such as, Internet. However, It could not be existence only virtual space except physical human environment. Therefore city spaces are being hyper surface. Virtual space which is existed network and software, express on the physical environment surface.

2.2 Urbanism and human sociery
Changing social relational stratum : social level, isolated phenomenon, loss of self
For known urban physical characteristic, Burgess theory divided each areas have boundary. Living places are divided by job, social position, and people feel their social level. Social level is divided by income gab. Similar level of people are living each other. It makes unbalanced development and different quality of life. The area that people live visualized social level and isolated phenomenon.
It is more and more divided by social structure between upper-level workers and lower-level workers in industrial society. Upper-level worker make decision when they make production. Normally they are high educated and pride. They learn high quality education when they were young rather than lower-level children. Lower-level workers have low position from daily consumption during product. It is very hard to be upper-level. They are getting poor.(Harvey, 1989b). Not only people feeling but also their idea have a gab between level.

Changing people emotion
- communication and surface
Communication means 'sharing information process'. Human can not live alone, they are always have their own society. from the relationship, society grew up civilization. In this means, The essential elements of civilization is society, human relationship and information. these three corporate bodies are history and evolution of communication.(최혜실, 1999). Network include society, human relationship and information. also people prefer to see surface image rather than essential meaning.(marshall mcluhan , 2001). Surface images that people like are expressed architectural surface because people can see directly in the physical space. People are familiar with images than text.

- Expansion of network and nerve system
Development of network can offer people a life anywhere. It unities local and remote. These locative connections overcome the physical limitations. Networks make us free from location. However, sometimes it makes people feel not connected to any society resulting in anxiousness.

2.3 Urban Organism

Pic 3.1 Sunghyun Cho, "Spider web and street web", 2008

Spider web and street road have similarity. My work 'Street web' is about street road is one of organic shapes. The shapes could be spider web. For making 'street web', I scanned map. and redraw in the illustrator. From the illustrator drawing I have cut my drawing using acrylic. Urban as an organism is similar with natural organic shapes. The reason why spider web and street web have similar shapes is city is part of the nature.
Thinking that city is one of organism is not a new theory. Colby said modern city is a dynamic organism having a progression of evolution, growth, development and keep changing. Hurd said that the way of growing city is belong to biological methodology. From center axis or accumulation, cities are growing. The main reason for growing is traffic. People can go long distance by transportation. City`s growing up by biological methodology is related people life.

Colby`s dynamic organism and Hurd`s biological methodology have a same point of view. They thought city is one organic object. All of inks are originated center and connected. Much inks could reach long distance.
The development of network brought various changes in urban society and structure. The structures of Internet network are similar with urban structure. As a physical structure, cities are closed by network. Networks offer people to get new environment. Urban organism tell us that city is a part of nature and a new natural environment.

Blow ink, Urban street, networks have same theme. contingency and morphology.
Mom streams are thicker than son streams. When inks are going to further then inks are going to be thin. Their generated mechanisms are based on contingency and physical environment. For these test, I blow inks using straw. I did not think about direction.

그림 3-4 Sunghyun Cho, "Blow ink", 2009

그림 3-5 Sunghyun Cho, "Blow Blow", 2009

"Blow Blow" is created by contingency emergence. this works mean about nature and urban connection. The organic shapes a part of the nature also it could be street in city space.

2.4 Human organic environment and urban
People lived in the nature for a long time. Human bodies are adapted by nature environment. but, as urban changes rapidly, human body and emotion can not accept the change as fast as it flows.

- nature and human
Human history has begun 3million years ago. The ancestors of human today came up about 30,000~40,000 years ago. Human lived in mother nature for long period. Human body has evolved as its environment and the evolution has succeeded up to this now. As environment affects on human body, it accept as it changes. Caves and mud huts are the first places where human settled for their self-defence and started making tools and stuffs.

Period of Modern Society and changes of space types

The modern society has big changes by industrialism. Modern society has a tendency to weight on mechanization which leads to industrialism and urbanism. New methods in process of materials and mass production contributed a lot to change of human environment. Discovery of glass, concrete, steel has brought magnificent revolution in history of architecture. It helped start changing of forms and height of building. Buildings made with concrete accelerated speed, stability, beauty of architecture that can not be compared with past, and glass became fairly efficient way to accept light into interior. Thus, using steel has helped to build up structure higher and stronger.
Le Corbuiser settled 5 principles for the modern architecture in 1926. In his book 'Vers une architecture', Le Corbusier described "5 principles of architecture" that became the guiding principles for many of his designs, most especially Villa Savoye.
"Freestanding support pillars", "Open floor plan independent from the supports", "Vertical facade that is free from the supports", "Long horizontal sliding windows", "Roof gardens"

An innovative urban planner, Corbusier anticipated the role of the automobile and envisioned cities with big apartment buildings in park-like settings. In the period of Modern, welcomed practicality, was engaged with mass production and industrialization in overall manufacture. That expanded to architecture as well. American architect, "Father of Modernism", Luis Sullivan coined the phrase "form ever follows function". Human have been living environment of Modernism since early 20th.

Nature Environment, Human body and organic space
Human being which had been followed and evolute by nature have been living in environment of Modernism space as of now. Those environment let people feel uncozy, anxious, and unstable in mentally, emotionally. That's because, Modern spaces emphasize only function in that building which apart easiness, humanism from people. Space for human being has to be considered emotions not only functions. Human being have not to reside place of Function, Functionality but to live in harmony of nature and human body needs. The limit of technology wasn't able to offer organic form in space. Growth of media solved the problems and limits, further more it analyzes algorithm and makes new organic form come true.

그림 3-6 Sunghyun Cho, "shadow of a water drop", 2009

My work "shadow of a water drop" is the place that the organic space make by the water drops react with human hand real time and respond to it. Movement of the fingertips make the reaction and the shadow space of the water drops move organically. Low-polygon water drop shape were created by the 3D programme - 3D Max. The original water drops are organically shaped. I made the water drops in 3D Max and then in real time I rendered it. Through this process, It can be interactive.
As the structure of the water drops move, then the shadow of it follow the action. The shadow of the water drops are perceived as a space that people can physically aware and at the same time, and recognize organically. Even if it is made in the process of computer programme, human-being can experience as an organic space.

3. Media environment and emotion

2009-11-03T04:46:00.017-08:00

3.1 Media and Emotion
The emergence of media
In history of human civilization, spoken language was invented which brought the use of letters, and then followed by medias such as books and newspapers. This was expanded to multi-medias such as cinema, radio, and TV as the technology kept on developed. Especially, the age of unified multi-media has begun in the field of communication, broadcasting, audio and video with the spread use of personal computers in early 1980s. This multi-media systems eventually unified variety of expression-medias into one and made the interactions between human and computer possible. People kept on researching the tools for communications and expressions.

What is a Media?
Lots of books concerned about the definition of media are written in these days and their meanings are changing every year. Media in this research, is the way to communicate with the others, or express by using the tools like computer, web, camera, recorder. Media connects physical environment with virtual environment and conquers the physical distances between them. Media also connects emotions person to person.
Nicholas Negroponte indicates in his writing (Being Digital, 1995), "When they are digitized, the mixture between informations becomes flexible and the conversion becomes easier." Media mixes and connects informations and data to each others, and emotionally communicates to people by displaying connected phenomenons.

Media and Emotion
Basically, medias are concentrated on the city. Medias, which can change their forms easily and be connected to another medium are indispensable for a city. Buildings use media to distinguish themselves from another. But with indiscretion use of media, the night scenes of city are polluted by overwhelmed informations and lights.
In the city, media takes the role as the network of human emotions, and people find their identities inside the media. Human relationships and spiritual bonds are determined through media network. The influence of media is becoming bigger and bigger.

3.2 Sharing Emotions and Network (netwroked emotion)
Is it possible to share people's emotions through the web? The answer from pessimists is 'no' and they say that is the difference of digital and analog. Since only through analog one can have emotions, digitized emotions are not a real 'emotions'. But how is this answer going to explain about suffering people by negative replies on the web? There are lots of replies on the web for news, someone's work, personal issues and many things. People post replies on the articles, express their opinions and talk about their feelings. Sharing emotions through the web is a way to share emotions in a new physical environment and with this, urban communities can share the emotions of unindustrialized regions.
Advance of media conquered the limits of physical distances for communications and helped sharing thoughts and emotions by using visual, auditive factors. This helped us to feel like we're in the actual environment of communication.
People communicate to exchange their own thoughts and emotions.

Sharing emotions by visual factors existed in the past, too. Humans tend to draw pictures using papers and pieces of wood. These pictures were exhibited or published as books to be shown to another people. In the Age of Discovery, geologists drew pictures on papers or sheepskins. Kings used to understand new worlds or their own territories by seeing drawn maps.(Sensorium,2004)

Advance of technologies and medias made it possible to expand humans visible sight from their living regions to world wide. We can gain and exchange informations through internet. People upload their personal interests such as dairy, hobbies, self portrait photos on their facebooks or blogs. They use google to look for another people who can share similar hobbies or interests, and post opinions or talk about many things. Internet is actually more efficient on sharing emotions than gaining informations and this was one of the reasons that made the explosive supply of internet possible. Internet created a new society and is the most dominant media today.

Internet made sharing sights possible and enabled us to experience new feeling through visual images. One who lives at another region can experience a new environment by seeing uploaded images.
Today, we speak over the video cell phones and chat over the screen by camera on personal computer. It became easier to understand our companions feelings, to communicate and share emotions with the visual and auditive instruments. Also many informations are being displayed on the screen including their environment. We can communicate in real time over the limit of physical limits.

Twitter brought the general concepts of homepage down to the cell phones by connecting internet and cell phones.
One of the Twitter's biggest virtue is that we can easily communicate to the other people through the world. We could not check our blogs or homepages when we were not sitting in front of computer. With Twitter combined with cell phones, homepages finally became realtime chat room.

3.3 Media empathy
- 네트워크로 인한 문화의 보편화, 글로벌 컬처럴리즘, 미디어 관음증과 대리만족
미디어는 각 지역의 문화를 혼합 시키며 새로운 경험을 만든다.
In the big picture of ecosystem, human being cannot be an exception at all. but, human-being have been developed the civilization and diverse culture putting great emphasis upon the superiority over the animal. With the advance of civilization, human nature itself has changed and has been apart from the uncivilized, primitive instinct. the word 'human' connotes automatically civilized human. For example, there is different appreciation of the dog. Most of the people feel inhuman and vicious watching maltreat the dog. Some people say that they regard the dog as a member of their family, so treating the dog cruelly means treating their family or friends cruelly. There is a saying 'Koreans eating the dog as a kind of food'. Not all Koreans eat the dog, but it exist as a kind of food in Korea just as other Asia such as India or China. Majority of Korean don't eat dogs and regard dog eating people as savage people. On the contrary, western culture strongly condemn this kind of cultural behavior in Asia. there is another saying in Korean culture 'never eat the pregnant animals' or 'never cook the pregnant animals'. but in other side of the world, this kind of regulation does not exist at all. In Mongolia, when there is a special guest or village festival, the Mongolian people kill the biggest sheep in public. This kind of behavior is very naturally implement. This kind of process is a part of the rituals of the festival and the meaning of the sheep here is the pre stage of the cooked sheep meat.

In the big picture of ecosystem, human being cannot be an exception at all. but, human-being have been developed the civilization and diverse culture putting great emphasis upon the superiority over the animal. With the advance of civilization, human nature itself has changed and has been apart from the uncivilized, primitive instinct. the word 'human' connotes automatically civilized human. For example, there is different appreciation of the dog. Most of the people feel inhuman and vicious watching maltreat the dog. Some people say that they regard the dog as a member of their family, so treating the dog cruelly means treating their family or friends cruelly. There is a saying 'Koreans eating the dog as a kind of food'. Not all Koreans eat the dog, but it exist as a kind of food in Korea just as other Asia such as India or China. Majority of Korean don't eat dogs and regard dog eating people as savage people. On the contrary, western culture strongly condemn this kind of cultural behavior in Asia. there is another saying in Korean culture 'never eat the pregnant animals' or 'never cook the pregnant animals'. but in other side of the world, this kind of regulation does not exist at all. In Mongolia, when there is a special guest or village festival, the Mongolian people kill the biggest sheep in public. This kind of behavior is very naturally implement. This kind of process is a part of the rituals of the festival and the meaning of the sheep here is the pre stage of the cooked sheep meat.

Owing to the high ratio of the users, we has experienced lots of happenings related to it. All these phenomenon can be interpreted as a long- oppressed Korean peoples' character. In recent history, we had to survived under the despotic military government and suppression of the freedom of speech. Internet give vent to oppressed nature and desire. Above all, development of Internet is the same as the progress of the expression and liberation of human nature. The anonymity and the pseudonym of Internet certified that this technology is the most suitable media in human nature, even disguised and concealed human cruelty.

3.4 Media voyeurism and vicariously
How do people express their visceral nature in modern environment? Most of people enjoys playing game, watching movies and taking pictures etc. Those are all named as a media. It is growing rapidly in recent years that in the help of the virtual reality, people can experience the killing people or destroying one's surrounding violently. In particular, the form of first-person shooter is very similar to the people's real point of view and frame of mind. The classical 'doom' game series have promoted the popularity of 'left for dead', 'half life' and 'prototype'. etc.

destroying violently or killing mercilessly mean that people can finally release their oppressed mind. On top of that, there is interactive film like element that connect people to the real virtual reality. The members of the Internet club sometimes share the image of abominable picture and scary, cold bloody video clips.

in that case, why on earth, people are enjoying those disgusting and cruel so much? It happens mostly in close space like their own home. No one would not enjoys violent killing action in open space publicly. For some reason, they might have fear if they can be branded as a cold blood or merciless people. That is why people enjoys the anonymity on the Internet in recent years. And that means that in the concealed environment of city life, people experience the modern version of freedom, which lead to the primitive human nature, cruelty.

voyeurism
1968년 마르셀 뒤샹(Marcel Duchamp)이 사망한 후 최초로 전시된 그의 작품 <주어짐>(Étant Donée, 영역하면 Being Given)은 전시를 보려는 관객들에게 신선한 관음증을 선사한다. 전시장은 벽으로 막혀져 있으며 사람들은 뒤샹이 의도적으로 갈라놓은 틈을 통해서 벽의 내부를 들여다보게 된다. 벽의 내부에는 한 여자가 길게 누워서 적나라하게 자신의 음부를 노출하고 있다. 순간 관객은 당황해하면서도 그녀의 음부에서 쉽게 눈을 떼지 못한다. 사람들은 순간적으로 관음증 적인 시선으로 바라보았으며 충격을 받았을 것이다.

4. The intersection of media and research works

2009-11-03T04:46:00.015-08:00

4 The intersection of media and research works
4.1 The intersection of Media and new environment
Urban communities and rural districts are related each others in many ways with interventions of media and technology. Urban communities can communicate with distanced region. Communications using visual and auditive factors provided same virtual environment with physical communication environment. Physical environment of urban communities are effecting the natural environment. With the interventions of media, the environments of urban and rural are piled one upon another, and it brings the birth of brand new environment. Physical environment of rural districts has new meaning by interventions of media, and many changes are happening now. Also with nature elements and scientific theories used for representing on cities, new urban environments can be proposed. Cities are recognized as a organic life form, and we can provide new way of urban spaces by representing organic form of natural environments onto them. It's a new way of design methodology with use of organic form.

Sunghyun Cho, "Ink Monster", 2009
"Ink Monster" is a life form created with ink. Ink spreaded itself beginning from the core of facial part. I created a new life by putting together these spreading images of ink on a screen. The organic form of ink created the shape of "Monster". Ink Monster is a new way of character design that can not be drawn by hand and pen, but we can make motions and flows by using media. These images created by organic form can show us the organic shapes of natural environment in the city, and will eventually provide us new way of design and urban environment by media.

Organic shapes and Fluid
Through Media, Organic Fluid can show us a flow of the organic form. It is too obvious that ink spreads itself in water. But expecting the change of form is differ from seeing it. We can understand how ink swims in water by seeing the progress of its changing form. Media materializes and visualizes the phenomenon of nature. We can see and feel the new organic form by arranging the informations of organic form itself. Also through the web, one can download these data and experience the new images. And in this case, no preparations for actual physical experiment are necessary.

Sunghyun Cho, 2009, Organic Fluid

Sunghyun Cho, "Swimming, a moment", 2009
"Swimming, a moment" is a photo I took at the very moment that ink dropped into water. It's too fast for our eyes to see free falling objects or shape of changing forms. This picture of ink shows the progress of spreaded ink and every stage of spreading organic shapes. A stage of spreaded ink is a step for another spreading.

Organic morphology
The big difference between city and nature is the organic shapes. While the image of nature is organic, the image of city is a straight line. But we already know that the city does have organic shapes and is a part of the nature. We also know that with the use of media, urban districts can be changed to organic shapes.
When one area is industrialized, it becomes less organic shaped. For the efficient use of spaces, square form becomes standard shape of urban districts and this lead to separation between the shape of city and natural organic shapes.
Development of optical science enabled us to see microorganisms, and allowed us to research the mystery of nature. Scientists invented mathematical algorithm out of nature and it's being used through many fields.

Sunghyun Cho, "fluid test 2", 2009

"Fluid Test" is images that has been taken the moment of ink dropped into water using macro lens. We can see the depth of ink, and also notice the fact that the flow and motion of ink in water is almost same with the flow of air.

We can find out with the advance of optical techniques and media that cities are part of nature. If we look at the urban districts from sky crafts height, we can easily imagine the organic form of natural creature. We should pay attention to the fact that a city was not built upon mathematical algorithm but it still has the organic shape of nature. In these days, mathematical algorithm of nature is being used when planning a city.

Sunghyin, "organic urban environment ", 2009

Not just to plan a city, we can also use this mathematical algorithm to change the urban environment into organic shapes. Advance of media and technology will bring the change of urban environment to organic shapes based upon mathematical algorithm.

- Empathy, Environment, Morphology and Media
Urban and natural environments are connected by media. Natural phenomenons based on scientific theories are reinterpreted and provide us natural environments as media for new experience. Media also proves facts that a city is a part of nature and urban environments can be changed into organic form due to natural algorithm. Cities are connected with another environments constantly by media as our natural environments, and we communicate using these connections.

4.2 Artists and Research
- Shake Pole, 2006, richard box
http://www.richardbox.com/

Richardbox, "Shake Pole", 2006

Richardbox's motivation for this was from his friend. He came up with this idea when he heard that his friend used to play with fluorescent light in his house which is placed under the high-voltage cable. He and scientists gathered together and planned for this project. Richardbox collected 1,031 fluorescent lights and placed them under high-voltage cables to gain power.
Normally, powerplants are built away from residental districts. And to minimize the loss of electricity, they release high voltage power. Since huge quantities of electric charges is flowing under the voltage cables, fluorescent lights can be lightened when one of their electrodes are connected on the ground. The more people use electricity, brighter fluorescent lights get. Fluorescent lights which are lightened by electric field fit well to the undeveloped territory with high voltage.

A fluorescent tube glows when an electrical voltage is set up across it. The electric field set up inside the tube excites atoms of mercury gas, making them emit ultraviolet light. This invisible light strikes the phosphor coating on the glass tube, making it glow. Because powerlines are typically 400,000 volts, and Earth is at an electrical potential voltage of zero volts, pylons create electric fields between the cables they carry and the ground.(http://www.richardbox.com/)

Ohm`s law
Ohm`s law is related to electricity. In electrical circuits, Ohm's law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the potential difference or voltage across the two points, and inversely proportional to the resistance between them. The mathematical equation that describes this relationship is "I = V / R ". where V is the potential difference measured across the resistance in units of volts; I is the current through the resistance in units of amperes and R is the resistance of the conductor in units of ohms. More specifically, Ohm's law states that the R in this relation is constant, independent of the current.(wiki)

It is harmonized with tubes and environment which is high-tension wires. a bunch of tubes use discard the current from wires. Nothing needs any electricity. People do not want to live near high-tension wires. Normaly people think the spaces are abandoned land. The space look lonely. Tubes lights are flower of light. They are creature under the wires. It makes full of vitality space.
Human life cycles are faster then nature. We can not figure out changing of nature. It looks like time stopped. The tubes make dynamic space. The tube which is one of the media is changing easily.
The tubes and the environment makes contrast and harmony. There two things are different each other. Tubes shapes are straight but environment elements are organic. The lights follow vertical but ground and sky makes horizontal. The artificial feeling and natural feeling makes dynamic atmosphere. This works offer us new experimental feeling.

- Olafur Eliasson,2009, Complementary colour chart

Photo by Byunghoon Lee

Appreciate contemporary colour chart inside work. By the mist, audiences recognize the light of space as colour. As they walk inside the mist, they can experience the change of colour. They don't "see" the colours but "feel" them. Red and green fluorescent lights are attached to the both side of space. Fog generators fill inside the room, curtains block the mist going outside.

Audiences can see nothing but colours inside the mist-filled space. Shapes of another people can be shown just as silhouettes. Colours in this space gradually change into another as audiences walk through. It's a completely different experience with seeing a painted paper with our eyes. Olafur Eliasson brought colours inside space and shows us how they relates with people.
This space enables us to feel the artificial natural environment. At the same time, it keeps personal privacies in the city. Audience can appreciate this work without disturbance by another audiences but they still notice that someone else is in the space together with them.

- Scott Snibbe, "Boundary Functions", 1998

http://www.snibbe.com/scott/bf/index.htm
"Boundary Functions" tells us that private properties only exists when a person is related with the others. We live with another human beings trying to settle with them and only by doing so we exist. There will be no boundaries if one lives in a desert island. Theory of voronoi is a good example that shows the relationships between people visually. If one steps on the work, nothing happens. But when more than two people step on the work, it will create lines between them making boundaries. As audiences move, system will calculate the space to decide the middle point and create moving lines. Cameras are located at the same ceiling with projector to track down audience's motions. Computer, which is connected with cameras imports these datas, calculates, and creates lines in between the audiences. Projector displays image from the ceiling towards floor.

The lines devide spaces between audiences are calculated mathematically by Voronoi Diagram. Voronoi Diagram is being used in variety fields. It is displayed in every proportions of natural life forms and it generates itself. In the point of entomology, it includes from the residental environments of insects to their shapes. The shape of a honeycomb, eyes of bees, patterns on the wings of butterfly can be explained with this diagram. Voronoi Diagram can also explain the pattern of leaf cell, the bark of a tree. From the way of cell division to a hair of human, every shapes can be explained with tessellation.

5 Physical Media and environment convergence

2009-11-03T04:46:00.009-08:00

70 years, the average life term of human is too short to notice the change of natural environment. While the change of urban environment happens so radically. With the intervention of media, speed of change in urban districts is getting faster. Media, which is variable and has so strong power of expression is such an attractive tool for a city.
Since the natural environments look like giant mountains that move so slowly, media and natural environments come to us with a contrastive feeling. But this contrastive feeling can create harmonies when media and natural environments are overlaped. When media invades into nature, life forms reacts to the media and creates new organic shapes. Using media which is controlled by human can create a new influence over natural environments.
With highly developed science techniques, we can analyze and materialize the natural phenomenons. We can imagine the natural environments in the middle of the urban districts by experiencing the natural phenomenons.

It is being new environment when urban and rural convergenced. Nature creatures have a camouflage skills. They change body colors or change their color pattern. At night, they are sleeping or hide. however, urban environments art opposit. It is much splendid night time then a day. They use neon light or LED light for express their information.

Urban light and a fabrication
If nature have reality, urban have fabrication. The light makes object different. People control shapes and view by light.

Natural environment and urban media

There are two ways converged urban and rural environment.
Natural environment and urban media
Media makes nature to be new environmment.

Natural phenomenon and media

Media express synthetic nature using natural phenomenon. also that is modern media trend. people want to make nature by media. Artists are not copy the nature but having experimental test, research and connect his idea.

Bug drawing

New experimental experience
People feel new experience when each environments are converged. Nature environment`s time line is too slow. When media is in nature, there is changing. Neon light makes new environment in nature. Insects can fly in a night time.

new experimental experience
People feel the new environment created by the combination of different environmental factors.
Natural environment, which seems to be static and changing slowly, becomes energetic and reacts as the media comes into it. The meaning of lights that media carries in the natural environment is not just enlightening a darkened place. It's an encounter and a relationship with environments. The images coming from the mutual understandings between environments and media are morphologically contrastive and balanced.
Making works based on scientific phenomenons is good for showing the natural environment as a new expression to the people at the gallery. Planting a tree to show natural environment doesn't make any impressions. If I can make a work based on the theory, it will give a new experience to audiences.

6 Digital Media and morphology

2009-11-03T04:46:00.007-08:00

6 Digital Media and morphology
This study will figure out how it related to organic form of the nature environment with human, and relationship in form of organic and human body as residing space along the historical facts.Thus, this will develop how the nature's organic form is expressed and processed through the media.Related sample works will be followed up as well.

6.1 nature and digital morphology(synthetic nature)

It is possible to realize organic shapes that nature have using digital technology. Digital organic shapes and nature organic shapes are based on same mathmatical code. The codes are defined by mathmatical form. Mathematicians found codes from nature. L-system, a one of the basic natural code, is a beginning form of generative art. L-system code is very simple but when the codes are repeating, the form is going to be complexed.
Nature forms are configured by pattern. Simple code makes simple shapes. Repeating coding can be pattern. These kind of forms are organic and well matched for human body. Organic shapes are affected by emergent behavior. That`s why nature objects are organic but have not the same shapes.

6.2 L-system

What is L-system?
L-systems were introduced and developed in 1968 by the Hungarian theoretical biologist and botanist from the University of Utrecht, Aristid Lindenmayer (1925–1989). Also this theory is a mathematical formalism and parallel rewriting system. that`s way L-systems is related to grow plants.
L-systems can also be used to generate self-similar fractals such as iterated function systems.

As a biologist, Lindenmayer worked with yeast and filamentous fungi and studied the growth patterns of various types of algae, such as the blue/green bacteria Anabaena catenula. Originally the L-systems were devised to provide a formal description of the development of such simple multicellular organisms, and to illustrate the neighbourhood relationships between plant cells. Later on, this system was extended to describe higher plants and complex branching structures.(wiki)

L-system structure
The recursive nature of the L-system rules leads to self-similarity and thereby fractal-like forms which are easy to describe with an L-system. Plant models and natural-looking organic forms are similarly easy to define, as by increasing the recursion level the form slowly 'grows' and becomes more complex. Lindenmayer systems are also popular in the generation of artificial life.

G = (V, S, ω, P),
where

V (the alphabet) is a set of symbols containing elements that can be replaced (variables)
S is a set of symbols containing elements that remain fixed (constants)
ω (start, axiom or initiator) is a string of symbols from V defining the initial state of the system
P is a set of production rules or productions defining the way variables can be replaced with combinations of constants and other variables. A production consists of two strings, the predecessor and the successor.

L-system is a part of fractal. I can control changing values of Variables. It could be very complexed but still have a rule.

Sunghyun Cho, "Fractal Plant", 2009

Here is my Values
Fractal Pant
variables : X F
constants : + −
start : X
rules : (X → F-[[X]+X]+F[+FX]-X), (F → FF)
angle : 25°

6.3 emergent behavior and natural organic shapes
I made tree using L-system algorithm in my computer. It could not be the same shapes in a real life. Natural various values modify trees`s shapes. However if I know the values, I can make the same as real life tree shapes.
L-system mechanism is easily explained by fractal`s self-similarity. also it is related in artificial life.

emergent behavior and natural organic shapes

This work is modified by emergent behavior. I visualized using L-system code in processing. The angle and length values are changing by mouse moving. In this work, I am a emergent behavior.

Processing is a code based program. Processing is an open source "programming language and integrated development environment (IDE) built for the electronic arts and visual design communities" with the purpose of teaching the basics of computer programming in a visual context, and to serve as the foundation for electronic sketchbooks.(wiki)

Some artist had misunderstanding about emergent behavior. Emergent behavior is unexpected occurred in a natural general progress.
They are thinking they are variation of nature. They do not care of any scientific phenomenon. It makes wrong way of focus.
These days, we are interested in natural environment or organic shapes. Development of media allow us to could make organic objects and shapes related on nature. however, if we do not know about any scientific basis. We have to make media artworks based on natural science.

6.4 Voronoi diagram
Dirichlet used 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional Voronoi diagrams in his study of quadratic forms in 1850. Voronoi diagrams are named after Russian mathematician Georgy Fedoseevich Voronoi who defined and studied the general n-dimensional case in 1908. It is using in geography, medical, robot path planning, image processing in several areas. This theory is irregular plane tiling and natural pattern. also, It is researched in biology, human density, computer science, marketing, and determine the cause of the structure ect. (B. Aranda, tooling /Aranda, Lasch, Princeton Architectural Press, 2006, p77)

In mathematics, a Voronoi diagram is a special kind of decomposition of a metric space determined by distances to a specified discrete set of objects in the space, e.g., by a discrete set of points. It is named after Georgy Voronoi, also called a Voronoi tessellation, a Voronoi decomposition, or a Dirichlet tessellation.(wiki)

Voronoi3D
Voronoi tessellation is from 2d plain. also It has long history. In these days people use voronoi3d by computing. They make 3 axis work such as, artecture, design.

The Mathematica command VoronoiDiagram[pts] in the Mathematica package ComputationalGeometry`) returns a data structure corresponding to the Voronoi diagram of a given set of points, and DiagramPlot[pts] gives a graphical illustration of the Voronoi diagram (left figure above). Voronoi diagrams can be even more easily visualized in Mathematica using graphics functions such as ListDensityPlot and ListPlot3D with the option setting InterpolationOrder -> 0 (right two figures).(http://mathworld.wolfram.com/)

Theverymany, 2009(http://www.theverymany.net/)

Theverymany is a media architect. He made 3d structure using voronoi algorythm in rhino.
Voronoi code
VORNOI CODE (from challenge last week at the office + Rassul...)
The Voronoi core has been developped by David Rutten (reconstructivism.net)

Function VoronoiPolygon(index, datSet, BBox)
' this function creates a voronoi cell for agiven point in a set of points
' should probably be optimized so that it only tests points near the samplepoint
VoronoiPolygon = Null

Dim midPt, arrPt, vecDir(1)
Dim ptS(2), ptE(2)
Dim ChordLength, Border
Dim brdLines(), i, N
ReDim brdLines(UBound(datSet)-1)
ChordLength = Rhino.Distance(BBox(0), BBox(2))

arrPt = datSet(index)
N = 0

For i = 0 To UBound(datSet)
If i <> index Then
midPt = Array((datSet(i)(0) + datSet(index)(0))/2, _
(datSet(i)(1) + datSet(index)(1))/2, _
0)
vecDir(0) = -(datSet(i)(1)-datSet(index)(1))
vecDir(1) = datSet(i)(0)-datSet(index)(0)
vecDir(0) = vecDir(0)/Rhino.Distance(datSet(i), datSet(index))*ChordLength
vecDir(1) = vecDir(1)/Rhino.Distance(datSet(i), datSet(index))*ChordLength
ptS(0) = midPt(0)+vecDir(0)
ptS(1) = midPt(1)+vecDir(1)
ptS(2) = 0
ptE(0) = midPt(0)-vecDir(0)
ptE(1) = midPt(1)-vecDir(1)
ptE(2) = 0
brdLines(N) = Rhino.AddLine(ptS, ptE)
N = N+1
End If

Next

Border = Rhino.AddPolyline(Array(Array(BBox(0)(0)-10, BBox(0)(1)-10, 0), _
Array(BBox(1)(0)+10, BBox(1)(1)-10, 0), _
Array(BBox(2)(0)+10, BBox(2)(1)+10, 0), _
Array(BBox(3)(0)-10, BBox(3)(1)+10, 0), _
Array(BBox(0)(0)-10, BBox(0)(1)-10, 0)))
Rhino.UnselectAllObjects
Rhino.SelectObjects brdLines
Rhino.SelectObject Border
Rhino.Command "-_CurveBoolean _DeleteInput=No _CombineRegions=No " & _
Rhino.Pt2Str(Array(datSet(index)(0),datSet(index)(1),datSet(index)(2))) & _
" _Enter", vbFalse
' delete lines
Rhino.UnselectAllObjects
Rhino.SelectObjects brdLines
Rhino.Command "-_Delete"

VoronoiPolygon = vbTrue
End Function

Organic Computing

Sunghyun Cho(2009)
Sunghyun Cho(2009)
Organic computing is a form of biologically-inspired computing with organic properties. It has emerged recently as a challenging vision for future information processing systems. Organic Computing is based on the insight that we will soon be surrounded by large collections of autonomous systems, which are equipped with sensors and actuators, aware of their environment, communicate freely, and organise themselves in order to perform the actions and services that seem to be required.(wiki)

7 Work

2009-11-03T04:46:00.005-08:00

8 Conclusion

2009-11-03T04:46:00.003-08:00

Conclusion
What is the city human live in?
Relationship between urbanization and its environment have been discussed so far. Urbanization have been brought us a lot of changes in life and environment and human being's emotion, values vary.Urban space became larger due to the influx of the population. Burgess delivered a theory about horizontal expansion of urban. As the city grows, districts are segmented and their characters have been revealed and settled itself. With the CBD(central business district) as the center, the other districts are placed around side by side. Each district has different volume and values, based on the roll of the parts they affect each other and grow horizontally. Vertical segments such as offices, condominiums, and multi-purpose apartment complexes, have been emerged after along the horizontal expansion. Vertical expansion have solved the limits of spaces of the central district.

Expansion of urban and segmentation of the districts caused people's class differentiation.Each district shows levels of wealth and job quality of people residing. Capitalism has born gaps of wealthiness and levels of human. People tend to live together with similar level.(Heeyoun whang, 2002)As widened the gap between haves and have-not is being visualized, relationships and emotions are changed.the rich become wealthier and well educated. And they center themselves in the society with high self-respect. However, the poor become worse and it inherits to their families, and low quality of education as well. Thus it spurs the low self-esteem. Class division is getting wider.

Network rolls to tie people up together. People communicate through Internet.AS castells, M. said in 'The Rise of the Network Society,London, 1996', that modern society is 'space of flow' in network, segmented urban is being tied by network. If the form and structure of urban is physical space, network is virtual space. Modern society interacts in both space. Physical space of the urban is important. All the central business districts are in there to activate body of the city. But development of network will ease the over-concentrated central district and spread it to satellite cities. Network is the solution to limits of physical distance of business interchanges.

Intersection of Media
Media connects people who are isolated in city to the new way of nature. This study proposes three ways to implant nature to the urban space. First, Media and network will provide works of nature that can inspire people to expose their lost emotion. one of the further studies is seeking people's originated emotion and needs. Comparison between people's lives and styles before and after of urbanization, civilization. As a result of it, people keep on desiring and seeking being urbanized. Thus Moderner satisfy their desires through voyeurism and substitute behavior is found. Work "Robot Child" gives a shock when the child tears a dragonfly. That work shows new impact which is opposite concept to urbanization. The work concepts two totally different senses. First is veracity, second is brutality. The appreciator doubts about the intention when they think of the veracity. A child tore a dragonfly without any realization that it is a live creature, and this child says that she did it because someone asked her to do it. Appreciators keep on having doubts of the child's veracity to the work even after it finished. City space is formed by someone for somebody. People think the place where they live while they doubt the veracity. Second matter is about the brutality that was shown through the child's face and visual images. Despite she tore a live creature, her face wasn't telling that she feels something. her expressionless face questioning only "Why?" but nothing else. Brutality fleshes in appreciators' head when they see the child's action and face. Her brutality brings to people displeasure and pleasure at the same moment. appreciator got substitute satisfaction through the work. And also, when they watch the work in the Internet in their own place, they feel voyeurism.

For the second, characteristics and differences between the nature and urban environment are drawn. This study proposes convergence of the nature and urban of elements. The media blends the static nature that people ideals and rapidly changing urban environment and shows new empirical environment. Nature space is fused with one of the elements of city that is artificial lightings such as neon lightings, and fluorescent lightnings. For the experiment, artificial lightings are installed in a forest at night. Darkness of nature became new environment with the artificial lightings. Bugs, insects and animals acted differently with the light. Fusion of elements of the nature and urban creates new phenomenon. As it's found, function of the media is not only visual information but a influential phenomenon in the nature environment.

In the work "Bogs drawing", a bug draws its trace of flight. General media works shows the movement of people or interactive traces. But in this work, the bug is the subject itself in the drawing, and its trace is interpreted as one organic form. Although the movement of a bug seems like irregular course, but that can be interpreted as one of the particle system. These movements can be re-created into digital flow. Fusion of media and the nature composes new environment that gives new experiment to people. And the environment of nature can be expressed as a work after its dynamic, structure, and principle are interpreted through the media.
For the example, Olafur Eliassin's work is analyzed. An author Olafur Eliassin who expresses principle of the nature using media created "weather project". And Richard Box worked at useless land under a pylon with installing fluorescent lightings to create new environmental space. Olafur Eliassin and Richard Box's understanding between media and the nature created fusion work using both of them. Current art is focused on the art only but separated from science. A number of artist do not put much their attention on the science. Few work are done in that way of fusioning two elements in media art field. however, Trial to fusion science and art are happening and the works are being drawn. Future works will be done under the understating of media and natural science.

Third, Digital morphology that urban is considered as organic entity and natural organic form is transformed to digital environment was proposed.
R.M. Hrud and Colby C.C have discovered biological law and defined as an organism. As time goes on, cities have been growing and changing form.
morphological changes and development of cities is simulated with "Ink experiment". The phenomenon that ink spreads out in water simulates that city grows out. Thus a web can be considered as road system in a city. "Blow ink" experiment was done to simulate contingency of urban form. When ink is blew through a straw, it creates incidental figure and as it flows further it gets thinner. This phenomenon is same to creation of roads. This contingency is Emergent behavior, and its not complete but variable contingency. though these experiments, its possible to conclude that city has organic form. urban space has been existing as an organism. Passing through Industrial revolution and Modernism, urban spaces turned into straight-lined from organic feature. Mass production seeked function that is simple-lined. Modernism focusing on functions affected to the architecture. It's easily noticeable from Le Corbusier's five principles and Louis Henry Sullivan's "Form follows function." that they pursued Modernism architecture. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe said " Less is more." Contemporary architecture tend to chase organic form in architecture. ONL showed from organic building to organic city. People experience organic space using media in the city environment which is aparted form the nature. Synthetic nature brought by media provides nature's organic form that
people can experience the nature in the city. This study also contains organic form experimented by computer digital algorithm. Algorithm analized methmetically is to create an organic form of nature. Aristid Lindenmayer's L-system which shows growing regulation of plants formed the foundation of the generative art. Voronoi tessellation is the one of the well-organized theory about phenomenon of the nature in morphologically. All kinds of nature pattern belongs to this theory. In addition, Emergent behavior proved that organic forms have variables. The author expressed not only algorithm of the nature but his own opinion through this behavior. digital makes organic in such processes. As the organic form implants on the urban space, people can have visual experiences that they see and feel in the nature. Future cities will be designed in organic form with media.

.

2009-11-03T04:46:00.001-08:00

.

2009-11-03T04:45:00.012-08:00

.

2009-11-03T04:45:00.011-08:00

.

2009-11-03T04:45:00.009-08:00

.

2009-11-03T04:45:00.007-08:00

.

2009-11-03T04:45:00.005-08:00

Conclusion

2009-11-03T04:45:00.003-08:00

.

2009-11-03T04:45:00.001-08:00