Urbanization makes people`s living environment changed quickly. After the industrial revolution and internet changed the environment more quickly. Urban physical changes influence people emotion and their values.
2.1 Urbanism
- Horizontal social differentiation and Burgess theory
It is hard to suggest Burgess theory by preconditions and hypothesises in modern urban, but it could be explanation about urban basic structure.
Burgess explained 'concentric theory' that is the type of eruption in between the process of expansion and continued area. He explained urban structure that is rapidly expanded from CBR(central business district). When the urban is expanded, The area is separated naturally. Each areas are Loop(CBR), zone on transition, zone of workingmen`s homes, residential zone and commuters zone. Through the physical changes, urban divide social stratum by people living area. Divided area separate people class horizontally.
Burgess, concentric theory, Burgess, (1928 : 119)
All communities are expanded on the periphery. Social and economic mobility cause changes in the pattern of territorial occupation, via the ecological processes of invasion, domination, and succession.(wiki) In the Concentric theory, land use and areas are divided horizontally by social activity. Development of industrialization and urbanization increase urban population. Buildings are constructed in city. Urban is divided vertically by building.
Vertical construction urban(divided areas characteristics -> segmentation)
These days urban spaces are divided vertically after horizontally. Horizontal divided and vertical divided separate more specific social stratum, for example building, office and residential complex. There are some places, such as, Chungdam, Abgujung in gangnam. Those are the most developed in Korea. People has different feeling by areas gab.
Network and Post industrialization(Surfaced city = Information flow + required physical space)
Urban has two ways of flows that virtual space through the web and physical space by network based on Internet. Castells(1996) says that there are differences that if an industrial city is a space of place, then post industrial city is a space of flow. Physical space and virtual space complement in modern society.
Post industrial society is organized by service product, centered by production distribution consumption. Offices are factory of service produced. Therefore, Offices are the most important in the post industrial spatial configuration. The offices built in complex function make user can use service real time through the network. Post industrial city spaces have a primary speciality which is interaction inside rather than their form. It has a spatial system look like a spider web as a high speed network. Like this system, network connection is not each building but each activity, also it is individual features .((Graham and marvin, 1995).
The main of post industrial city by network is information flow such as, Internet. However, It could not be existence only virtual space except physical human environment. Therefore city spaces are being hyper surface. Virtual space which is existed network and software, express on the physical environment surface.
2.2 Urbanism and human sociery
Changing social relational stratum : social level, isolated phenomenon, loss of self
For known urban physical characteristic, Burgess theory divided each areas have boundary. Living places are divided by job, social position, and people feel their social level. Social level is divided by income gab. Similar level of people are living each other. It makes unbalanced development and different quality of life. The area that people live visualized social level and isolated phenomenon.
It is more and more divided by social structure between upper-level workers and lower-level workers in industrial society. Upper-level worker make decision when they make production. Normally they are high educated and pride. They learn high quality education when they were young rather than lower-level children. Lower-level workers have low position from daily consumption during product. It is very hard to be upper-level. They are getting poor.(Harvey, 1989b). Not only people feeling but also their idea have a gab between level.
Changing people emotion
- communication and surface
Communication means 'sharing information process'. Human can not live alone, they are always have their own society. from the relationship, society grew up civilization. In this means, The essential elements of civilization is society, human relationship and information. these three corporate bodies are history and evolution of communication.(최혜실, 1999). Network include society, human relationship and information. also people prefer to see surface image rather than essential meaning.(marshall mcluhan , 2001). Surface images that people like are expressed architectural surface because people can see directly in the physical space. People are familiar with images than text.
- Expansion of network and nerve system
Development of network can offer people a life anywhere. It unities local and remote. These locative connections overcome the physical limitations. Networks make us free from location. However, sometimes it makes people feel not connected to any society resulting in anxiousness.
2.3 Urban Organism
Pic 3.1 Sunghyun Cho, "Spider web and street web", 2008
Spider web and street road have similarity. My work 'Street web' is about street road is one of organic shapes. The shapes could be spider web. For making 'street web', I scanned map. and redraw in the illustrator. From the illustrator drawing I have cut my drawing using acrylic. Urban as an organism is similar with natural organic shapes. The reason why spider web and street web have similar shapes is city is part of the nature.
Thinking that city is one of organism is not a new theory. Colby said modern city is a dynamic organism having a progression of evolution, growth, development and keep changing. Hurd said that the way of growing city is belong to biological methodology. From center axis or accumulation, cities are growing. The main reason for growing is traffic. People can go long distance by transportation. City`s growing up by biological methodology is related people life.
Colby`s dynamic organism and Hurd`s biological methodology have a same point of view. They thought city is one organic object. All of inks are originated center and connected. Much inks could reach long distance.
The development of network brought various changes in urban society and structure. The structures of Internet network are similar with urban structure. As a physical structure, cities are closed by network. Networks offer people to get new environment. Urban organism tell us that city is a part of nature and a new natural environment.
Blow ink, Urban street, networks have same theme. contingency and morphology.
Mom streams are thicker than son streams. When inks are going to further then inks are going to be thin. Their generated mechanisms are based on contingency and physical environment. For these test, I blow inks using straw. I did not think about direction.
그림 3-4 Sunghyun Cho, "Blow ink", 2009
그림 3-5 Sunghyun Cho, "Blow Blow", 2009
"Blow Blow" is created by contingency emergence. this works mean about nature and urban connection. The organic shapes a part of the nature also it could be street in city space.
2.4 Human organic environment and urban
People lived in the nature for a long time. Human bodies are adapted by nature environment. but, as urban changes rapidly, human body and emotion can not accept the change as fast as it flows.
- nature and human
Human history has begun 3million years ago. The ancestors of human today came up about 30,000~40,000 years ago. Human lived in mother nature for long period. Human body has evolved as its environment and the evolution has succeeded up to this now. As environment affects on human body, it accept as it changes. Caves and mud huts are the first places where human settled for their self-defence and started making tools and stuffs.
Period of Modern Society and changes of space types
The modern society has big changes by industrialism. Modern society has a tendency to weight on mechanization which leads to industrialism and urbanism. New methods in process of materials and mass production contributed a lot to change of human environment. Discovery of glass, concrete, steel has brought magnificent revolution in history of architecture. It helped start changing of forms and height of building. Buildings made with concrete accelerated speed, stability, beauty of architecture that can not be compared with past, and glass became fairly efficient way to accept light into interior. Thus, using steel has helped to build up structure higher and stronger.
Le Corbuiser settled 5 principles for the modern architecture in 1926. In his book 'Vers une architecture', Le Corbusier described "5 principles of architecture" that became the guiding principles for many of his designs, most especially Villa Savoye.
"Freestanding support pillars", "Open floor plan independent from the supports", "Vertical facade that is free from the supports", "Long horizontal sliding windows", "Roof gardens"
An innovative urban planner, Corbusier anticipated the role of the automobile and envisioned cities with big apartment buildings in park-like settings. In the period of Modern, welcomed practicality, was engaged with mass production and industrialization in overall manufacture. That expanded to architecture as well. American architect, "Father of Modernism", Luis Sullivan coined the phrase "form ever follows function". Human have been living environment of Modernism since early 20th.
Nature Environment, Human body and organic space
Human being which had been followed and evolute by nature have been living in environment of Modernism space as of now. Those environment let people feel uncozy, anxious, and unstable in mentally, emotionally. That's because, Modern spaces emphasize only function in that building which apart easiness, humanism from people. Space for human being has to be considered emotions not only functions. Human being have not to reside place of Function, Functionality but to live in harmony of nature and human body needs. The limit of technology wasn't able to offer organic form in space. Growth of media solved the problems and limits, further more it analyzes algorithm and makes new organic form come true.
그림 3-6 Sunghyun Cho, "shadow of a water drop", 2009
My work "shadow of a water drop" is the place that the organic space make by the water drops react with human hand real time and respond to it. Movement of the fingertips make the reaction and the shadow space of the water drops move organically. Low-polygon water drop shape were created by the 3D programme - 3D Max. The original water drops are organically shaped. I made the water drops in 3D Max and then in real time I rendered it. Through this process, It can be interactive.
As the structure of the water drops move, then the shadow of it follow the action. The shadow of the water drops are perceived as a space that people can physically aware and at the same time, and recognize organically. Even if it is made in the process of computer programme, human-being can experience as an organic space.
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